The Nordic nRF9160 is a fantastic solution for cellular connectivity. All of the Golioth sample code runs on the nRD9160-DK without any changes to configuration so you can test out all of our features. But eventually you’re going to start scratching your head about how the LTE connection works. This is especially true because the device will do nothing while first establishing the connection, which can take over one minute depending on your network. The answer is to use the LTE link controller library.
Using Automatic LTE Control
The Nordic nRF Connect SDK (based on Zephyr) makes it really easy to automatically connect to LTE. Simply put, there’s a Kconfig symbol that causes the modem to connect to the cellular network when the device powers up:
CONFIG_LTE_AUTO_INIT_AND_CONNECT=y
While this takes care of the connection, it does so before main() begins running, and it blocks program execution until the network is connected. That can take more than a minute and depends on things like your distance to your closest tower and the strength of the signal in your office. Since you can’t write log messages, toggle LEDs, or write to a screen, it can look to a user like the device is stuck.
For battery-controlled devices you want to carefully control when the radio is on and when it is off. In this case, automatic control is usually not an option.
Using Manual LTE Control
Nordic’s docs for the LTE link controller are fantastic, you should spend the time to read through them. We’ll discuss the most basic form of link control: manually establishing a connection.
To use the link controller, first select the library using Kconfig:
CONFIG_LTE_LINK_CONTROL=y
Then include the library in your c file:
#include <modem/lte_lc.h>
We can now start using the link controller functions. For me, the most interesting ones are the async functions. For instance:
int err; //Initalize the modem and connect to the network (register a callback) err = lte_lc_init_and_connect_async(lte_handler); /* Do some things on the network */ //Place the modem in offline mode err = lte_lc_offline(); /* Do some offline things */ //Modem already initialized, just reconnect again err = lte_lc_connect_async(lte_handler);
Notice that lines 4 and 14 register a callback. Nordic has a nice example of what that callback should look like:
/* Semaphore used to block the main thread until the link controller has
* established an LTE connection.
*/
K_SEM_DEFINE(lte_connected, 0, 1);
static void lte_handler(const struct lte_lc_evt *const evt)
{
switch (evt->type) {
case LTE_LC_EVT_NW_REG_STATUS:
if ((evt->nw_reg_status != LTE_LC_NW_REG_REGISTERED_HOME) &&
(evt->nw_reg_status != LTE_LC_NW_REG_REGISTERED_ROAMING)) {
break;
}
printk("Connected to: %s network\n",
evt->nw_reg_status == LTE_LC_NW_REG_REGISTERED_HOME ? "home" : "roaming");
k_sem_give(<e_connected);
break;
case LTE_LC_EVT_PSM_UPDATE:
case LTE_LC_EVT_EDRX_UPDATE:
case LTE_LC_EVT_RRC_UPDATE:
case LTE_LC_EVT_CELL_UPDATE:
case LTE_LC_EVT_LTE_MODE_UPDATE:
case LTE_LC_EVT_TAU_PRE_WARNING:
case LTE_LC_EVT_NEIGHBOR_CELL_MEAS:
case LTE_LC_EVT_MODEM_SLEEP_EXIT_PRE_WARNING:
case LTE_LC_EVT_MODEM_SLEEP_EXIT:
case LTE_LC_EVT_MODEM_SLEEP_ENTER:
/* Callback events carrying LTE link data */
break;
default:
break;
}
}
Also notice that they recommend using a semaphore. Because this runs asynchronously, checking this semaphore is a good way for the rest of your code to know if an LTE connection has been established.
Considerations when Using Golioth with Manual Control
Golioth depends on a network connection. When you manually control the network, you should also take Golioth into consideration. You need to wait until LTE has been connected to start the Golioth System Client. A good place to do this is in the callback:
case LTE_LC_EVT_NW_REG_STATUS:
if ((evt->nw_reg_status != LTE_LC_NW_REG_REGISTERED_HOME) &&
(evt->nw_reg_status != LTE_LC_NW_REG_REGISTERED_ROAMING)) {
break;
}
LOG_INF("Connected to LTE network. Starting Golioth System Client...");
golioth_system_client_start();
break;
Before going offline or putting the modem into a sleep mode it is recommended that you stop the Golioth client:
golioth_system_client_stop();
Calls to Golioth services (LightDB State, LightDB Stream, etc.) will cause errors if the client is not connected. You may choose simply to ignore the errors in the serial terminal, however, gating those function calls with a semaphore is another option.
For applications that utilize an intermittent network connection, we like using message queues to cache data. Timestamps may be added to each reading so that the data is properly recorded the next time a connection is available. We have previously discussed using Zephyr message queues for this purpose.
Conclusion
Automatic LTE control is great for trying out demo code. However, we think in most applications you’ll want to decide when and how to use the modem. Luckily, for this particular SIP, Nordic has made the control library really easy to use.
Do you have questions about cellular modem control with your IoT fleets? We’d love to hear from you! Open a new thread on the Golioth Forum, or set up a video call with our Developer Relations crew to discuss your use case.
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